━ "Mild" psychopaths "subcriminal psychopaths" (Hare, 1999).━ Unsuccessful Psychopaths (individuals who become entangled in the justice system).━ White-collar ("successful psychopaths").⚀ Types of psychopaths commonly identified: Many points of controversy are left unanswered and many key issues remain to be addressed. Despite much research on neurophysiological correlates of psychopathy, no clear consensus has developed yet concerning a neuropsychological theory of psychopathy. Hare's works have tended to be somewhat sensationalized and have co-mingled academic and lay (newspaper type) accounts. This business/leadership theme was later followed up by Lawrence (2010). Hare has also been important in popularizing psychopathy in the lay public, especially via his 1993 book Without conscience and by the 2006 Snakes in suits, a work he co-authored, examining the psychopath in a business context. Although a number of other tests of psychopathy have been developed and a number of authors have expressed reservations about Hare, Hare's approach has dominated. Hare's approach and tests have been particularly influential both in practical forensic settings and in academic research. Robert Hare, through his writing and widely popular testing initiatives, returned to a personality/trait approach derived from Cleckley's original factors. Cleckley's emphasis of the psychopath as a constellation of various personality traits was essentially overturned by the American psychiatric establishment in revisions to the DSM, culminating in 1980 in a behaviorally based description and the use of the term antisocial personality disorder.
The modern era of thinking about psychopathy begins with Cleckley's work, originally done in 1941. The long history of heterogeneity in both terminology and theory about psychopathy continues. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) and Behavioural Activation System (BAS) Recent Journal Special issues on psychopathy
Classifications and terminology used to describe psychopathy
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